Ligas acadêmicas na educação médica: uma análise institucional sob a visão dos orientadores / Academic leagues in medical education: an institutional analysis under the guiding view

Introdução: As ligas acadêmicas de medicina (LAM) surgiram no Brasil no início do século XX como reuniões de alunos, na necessidade de combate à alta prevalência dos agravos de saúde pela tuberculose e pela hanseníase. Na década de 90, a criação de novas LAMs permitiu um ambiente de discussão e prática de atividades em área de saúde de interesse de um conjunto de alunos e foi, assim, ganhando cada vez mais espaço na formação médica. Todavia, ainda são poucas as evidências científicas que discutem as finalidades e contribuições das LAMs durante a graduação, seja do ponto de vista do aluno ou do orientador. Objetivo: Estudar o perfil das ligas acadêmicas do curso de medicina de uma instituição de ensino da cidade de Juiz de Fora ­ MG. Material e Métodos: Trabalho de natureza descritiva e transversal que teve como instrumento de pesquisa questionário estruturado com 12 perguntas fechadas, previamente definidas, que foi respondido pelos orientadores das LAMs. Resultados: Em 2018, havia na instituição 36 ligas oficialmente constituídas com 37 orientadores. Quanto a frequência de encontros, os mesmos são majoritariamente mensais (78,4%) e 78,4% contam com a participação dos orientadores. Quanto à participação científica, 70,3% fazem discussão de artigos científicos, 62,2% possuem práticas extra-curriculares, 10,8% realizaram projetos de extensão e 13,5% têm trabalhos vinculados ao Programa de Iniciação Científica. Ressalta-se que a percepção dos orientadores é que 56,8% dos alunos participam para pontuação em programas de residência médica. Finalmente, 89,2% consideram o modelo de gestão adequado. Conclusão: A percepção dos orientadores é importante para a análise das ligas de forma a garantir melhorias principalmente para a educação e extensão. Somente com a descrição e estudo da situação atual será possível imprimir sugestões e avanços nessa questão, que já é tema central dentro da educação médica.

Introduction: The academic leagues of medicine (LAM) emerged in Brazil at the beginning of the twentieth century as student meetings, in order to combat the high prevalence of health problems caused by tuberculosis and leprosy. In the 1990s, the creation of new LAMs allowed for an environment of discussion and practice of health activities of interest to a group of students and was thus gaining more and more space in medical education. However, there is still little scientific evidence to discuss the purposes and contributions of LAMs during undergraduate studies, either from the student's or the advisor's point of view. Objective: To investigate the profile of academic leagues by the medical course of an educational institution in the city of Juiz de Fora - MG. Material and Methods: This study has a descriptive and cross-sectional nature and had as its instrument a structured questionnaire with 12 previously defined closed questions, which was answered by the LAM advisors. Results: In 2018 there were 36 officially constituted leagues in the institution with 37 mentors. As for the frequency of meetings, they are mostly monthly (78.4%), and 78.4% have the participation of counselors. As for scientific participation, 70.3% discuss scientific articles, 62.2% have extra-curricular practices, 10.8% have Extension Projects and 13.5% have papers linked to the Scientific Initiation Program. It is noteworthy that the perception of counselors is that 56.8% participate for scoring in medical residency programs. Finally, 89.2% consider the management model appropriate. Conclusion: Guidance perception is important for league analysis in order to ensure improvements especially for education and extension. Only with the description and study of the current situation will it be possible to print suggestions and advances in this issue, which is already a central theme within medical education.

Measuring medical students' empathy using direct verbal expressions.

PURPOSE: Empathy is an important trait in physicians and a key element in the physician-patient relationship. Accordingly, one of the goals in medical education is developing empathy in students. We attempted to practically assess medical students' empathy through their direct verbal expressions. METHODS: The medical students' empathy was measured using the modified Pencil-and-Paper Empathy Rating Test by Winefield and Chur-Hansen (2001). The students took 15 minutes or so to complete the scale, and it was then scored by one of two trained evaluators (0 to 4 points for each item, for a total score of 40). The subjects were 605 medical students, and the data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, independent t-test, and one-way analysis of variance in SPSS version 21.0. RESULTS: The students' empathy scores were low (mean, 12.13; standard deviation, 2.55); their most common responses (78.6%) registered as non-empathetic. Differences in empathy were observed by gender (female students>male students; t=-5.068, p<0.001), school system (medical school>medical college; t=-1.935, p=0.053), and academic level (pre-medical 1 year < other years; t=-4.050, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings lead us to the significant conclusion that there is the need for empathy enhancement training programs with practical content.

Evaluation of incapacity level in leprosy: a strategy to sensitize and train the nursing team / Avaliação do grau de incapacidade em hanseníase: uma estratégia para sensibilização e capacitação da equipe de enfermagem / Evaluación del grado de incapacidad en hanseníasis: una estrategia para la sensibilización y la capacitación del equipo de enfermería

The main problems caused by leprosy are physical incapacities. This study evaluated the level of patients' incapacity in treatment and in discharge in 11 municipal districts of the14th Regional of Health of Paraná, at the same time it promoted discussion and qualified nursing professionals of local teams. It was verified that 79.8 percent of the population evaluated presented some degree of incapacity and that some of the professionals ignored the evaluation technique. The percentage of patients with incapacity levels I and II was high, fact that corroborates the late diagnosis of cases. The need of a permanent self-care process associated to polichemotherapy and continuous evaluation of new and old cases in order to avoid the illness physical incapacities is highlighted.

Os principais problemas decorrentes da hanseníase são as incapacidades físicas. O presente estudo avaliou o grau de incapacidade dos pacientes em tratamento e em alta, em 11 municípios da 14ª Regional de Saúde do Paraná, ao mesmo tempo em que promoveu discussão e capacitou os profissionais de enfermagem das equipes locais. Verificou-se que 79,8 por cento da população avaliada apresentava algum grau de incapacidade e que parte dos profissionais desconhecia a técnica de avaliação. Foi grande a porcentagem de pacientes com grau de incapacidade I e II, fato que corrobora o diagnóstico tardio dos casos. Destaca-se a necessidade de permanente processo de autocuidado, associado à poliquimioterapia e avaliação contínua dos casos novos e antigos para evitar as incapacidades físicas conseqüentes do agravo.

Los principales problemas originados de la lepra son las inhabilidades. El actual estudio evaluó el grado de incapacidad de los pacientes en tratamiento y los que ya habían sido curados en 11 ciudades de la 14ª Regional de la Salud de Paraná, Brasil. Al mismo tiempo, promovió discusión y capacitación de los profesionales de enfermería de los equipos locales. Fue verificado que el 79,8 por ciento de la población evaluada presentó cierto grado de incapacidad y que los profesionales no conocían la técnica de evaluación. Era alto el porcentaje de pacientes con grado de incapacidad I e II, hecho que comprueba la diagnosis retrasada de los casos. Se destaca la necesidad de un proceso permanente de autocuidado, asociado a la poliquimioterapia y la evaluación continua de los casos nuevos y viejos para prevenir las inhabilidades consiguientes de la enfermedad.

www.derm101.com: a growing online resource for learning dermatology and dermatopathology.

The internet is increasingly being used to distribute knowledge in medicine in novel and unconventional ways. In this article, we give a brief introduction into the website www.derm101.com, which was founded by A. B. Ackerman for the purpose of teaching dermatology and dermatopathology. A clinical atlas, online books such as the 3rd edition of his volume "Histologic diagnosis of inflammatory skin diseases", works on clues and differential diagnoses in dermatopathology, a resource on therapeutic strategies in dermatology, a video lecture library on controversial issues in dermatology, the quarterly online journal Dermatopathology: Practical and Conceptual and much more can be found on derm101.com. The site is enriched with new contents biweekly and offers several interactive teaching devices. Currently, www.derm101.com is the most comprehensive online library of dermatology resources.

Evaluation of incapacity level in leprosy: a strategy to sensitize and train the nursing team.

The main problems caused by leprosy are physical incapacities. This study evaluated the level of patients' incapacity in treatment and in discharge in 11 municipal districts of the 14th Regional of Health of Paraná, at the same time it promoted discussion and qualified nursing professionals of local teams. It was verified that 79.8% of the population evaluated presented some degree of incapacity and that some of the professionals ignored the evaluation technique. The percentage of patients with incapacity levels I and II was high, fact that corroborates the late diagnosis of cases. The need of a permanent self-care process associated to polichemotherapy and continuous evaluation of new and old cases in order to avoid the illness physical incapacities is highlighted.

Conhecimentos e necessidades de aprendizagem de estudantes de fisioterapia sobre a hanseníase / Knowledge and necessities of learning of physioterapys students about leprosy

INTRODUÇÃO: A hanseníase se constitui importante problema de Saúde Pública no Brasil, tendo, no entanto, negligenciada sua importância e valorização na formação das profissões da saúde, mesmo nos países endêmicos. No caso específico do fisioterapeuta, faz-se necessário o ensino da hansenologia nos cursos de graduação no Brasil, para se atuar nas condições de saúde da população diante da problemática da Hanseníase.OBJETIVO: descrever e analisar conhecimentos de estudantes de fisioterapia sobre hanseníase, antes do contato formal na Universidade/Faculdade com a temática. METODOLOGIA: estudo qualitativo, realizado com 51 estudantes de graduação em fisioterapia do quarto ano de escola do interior do estado de São Paulo,em 2004. Na coleta dos dados, utilizou-se questionário auto-aplicado, com questões abertas. A partir da análise qualitativa das respostas realizou-se a categorização das mesmas. RESULTADOS: identificou-se que estudantes do último ano do curso de fisioterapia expressaram desconhecimento e/ou conceitos incompletos ou inadequados, frente a literatura, sobre hanseníase e os seguintes aspectos devem ser enfatizados no ensino da hansenologia: doença hanseníase; preconceito que os doentes vivenciam e como enfrentá-lo; educação em saúde e atuação do fisioterapeuta na hanseníase. Em relação à organização do ensino, identificou-se que Universidades/Faculdades devem construir estratégias para valorizar a hanseníase como um problema de Saúde Pública. CONCLUSÃO: evidenciou-se a necessidade de aprimoramento do ensino da hansenologia no curso de graduação em Fisioterapia, com abordagem do tema desde o início da formação, para que fisioterapeutas possam prestar o cuidado adequado frente a problemática da hanseníase e contribuir com o Programa de Controle da Hanseníase

INTRODUCTION: The Leprosy constitutes a significant problem of Public Health in Brazil, however its importance and valuation in the preparation of the health professions has been neglected, even in the endemic countries. In the specific case of the physiotherapist, the hansenology teaching in the graduation’s course in Brazil becomes necessary, to deal in the future with the health conditions of the population with the Leprosy’s problematic. OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the previous knowledge of physiotherapy’s students on leprosy during the professional preparation of the physiotherapist. METHODOLOGY: It is a qualitative study on leprosy knowledge among 51 students of physiotherapy in a Sao Paulo State school, in 2004. For the survey an auto-applied questionnaire with guided questions was used to collect the data. A qualitative analysis was done by categorization. RESULTS: It was identified unfamiliarity and/or inadequate concepts about leprosy and the following aspects must be emphasized in the hansenology teaching: the hansen’s disease; the preconception that the sick people live and how to face it; the health education and the performance of the physiotherapist in leprosy. In relation to the organization of education,it was identified that the Universities/Colleges must construct bigger strategies of motivation, valuing leprosy as a Public Health’s problem. CONCLUSION: It was proven the necessity of the hansenology’s education in the undergraduation courses of physiotherapy, so that the physiotherapists can give adequate assistance to the problematic of leprosy and contribute with the Program of Leprosy Control.

Is knowledge of leprosy adequate among teachers? A comparative study.

A cross-sectional comparative study on the levels of knowledge and attitude on leprosy among teachers and students was carried out in a rural area of Vellore district in Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 30 teachers and 120 students participated in the study. It was found that knowledge about leprosy among teachers was inadequate. Only 23.4% of teachers stated that germs caused leprosy, while 23.4% mentioned immoral conduct, 20.0% marrying a leprosy patient, 6.6% insects and 26.6% did not know the causes of leprosy. While 80.0% of teachers knew that anaesthetic hypopigmented patches were a sign of leprosy, enlarged painful nerves were not mentioned by a single teacher, although this sign was identified by 17.5% of students. Teachers had a more positive attitude towards leprosy than students and this was statistically significant (p < 0.001). This paper discusses the need for continuous education, especially for teachers and through them the students, using different media so as to ensure sustained knowledge for behavioural change in the community.

Research as a tool for the teaching of epidemiology.

At a medical school in India, undergraduates have been given the opportunity to volunteer to conduct research as a means of improving their knowledge and understanding of epidemiology. First-year clinical students have conducted case-control studies with emphasis on methodological detail. Second-year students have been involved in community-based epidemiological studies. At the intern level, projects related to social factors in health and disease and to health administration have been encouraged. This initiative has been largely welcomed by the students and has yielded highly encouraging results.

PIP: Starting in 1985, at the Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India, modifications concerning teaching community medicine and epidemiology were introduced. Students were encouraged to conduct epidemiological investigations for better understanding of the subject. First-year students were free to participate in a hospital-based case control study involving 3-7 students over a period of 6-8 months. 5 projects were completed between 1990 and 1992 pertaining to risk factor analysis in oral cancers, protein-energy malnutrition, myocardial infarction, birth asphyxia, and cervical carcinoma. Methodology included objectives, review of the literature, definitions, questionnaires, and statistical methods. Faculty members monitored progress. Each student made a presentation to a gathering of 1st- and 2nd-year students and answered their questions. 2nd-year students undertook projects in community medicine lasting 2 months during vacation. Each student had a separate project of value for planning urban and rural field practice areas. Between 1987 and 1992, field studies were carried out on immunization coverage and mothers' knowledge about child immunization; the prevalence of caries among preschool children; cultural and economic factors affecting pregnancy; the epidemiology of cataract; blood pressure and hypertension; the nutritional status of preschool and school-age children; and drug compliance by leprosy patients. Case school studies were also undertaken on risk-factor analysis of low birth weight; factors affecting the acceptance of tubectomy; and treatment-seeking behavior among patients with cervical carcinoma. Similar public presentations were made. Interns were invited to assist in difficult subjects. A hospital study was completed by 2 students on injections given unnecessarily to children aged under 5 years. 111 out of 149 1st- year students questioned stated that they had gained knowledge and skills. Benefits reported included improved thinking, communication, statistical knowledge, understanding of human behavior, and a social view on health and disease.

Educaçäo em saúde: repensando a formaçäo de professores / Health education: thinking about school teacher's preparation again

Reflexäo teórico-metodológica sobre a problemática Educaçäo-Saúde-Cidadania na sociedade brasileira, tomando por referência o trabalho desenvolvido no Curso de Formaçäo de Professores do Instituto de Educaçäo do Rio de Janeiro (IERJ). Tal proposta pedagógica sinaliza a promoçäo da saúde como tarefa conjunta da escola pública, centros de saúde e movimento popular. A concepçäo tradicional da Educaçäo em Saúde - normativa, organicista e individualizante, contrapöe-se uma perspectiva histórica reconhecendo-se a saúde como resultante das condiçöes de vida em determinado contexto econômico e político. Esta abordagem curricular relaciona-se ao conceito de saúde como direito, expresso na 8ª Conferência Nacional de Saúde, realizada em 1986. Enfatiza a importância da organizaçäo e mobilizaçäo da sociedade civil brasileira pela universalizaçäo da saúde como expressäo de cidadania. Conluindo, ao repensar-se a formaçäo do educador, visando sua participaçäo crítica e consciente na sociedade, a Educaçäo em Saúde é entendida como contribuiçäo à conquista coletiva de condiçöes dignas de vida